Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Essay Example

Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Essay Case analysis of the Coca-Cola India Crisis 1. What are the key problems that Gupta should focus on in the short term and in the long term? In looking at the situation, hindsight is always 20/20. Gupta would have benefited from the eight steps of crisis management. Step 1: Get control of the situation. Gupta needed to define the real problem, use reliable information, and a measurable communication objective for handling it. Step 2: Gather as much information as possible: Gupta quickly reacted to the situation without taking a fair and objective look at the facts in the statements being made. Gupta’s reaction was emotional and attacked the credibility of the Center for Science and Environment ( hereafter CSE). Step 3: Set up a centralized crisis management center: As Gupta was gathering the right information from the right people he should have made arrangement for creating a crisis center for the constituents, that is, media, employees, customers, and government. Creating a crisis center would have made Coke India look more sympathetic and human. Instead, Gupta went on the attack and published a letter that was callous and focused only on the potential impairment of business; not the safety of lives. Step 4:Comminicate early and often: Gupta should have made a plea in person especially since the crisis involved the threat to lives. He could have avoided any panic by hiring a public relations firm to assist him during this process. He should have expressed concern for the public safety rather than focus on profits and conspiracy theories. Step 5:Understand the media’s mission in a crisis: We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gupta should have created an alliance with certain member’s of the media. A public relations firm would have been an asset. Step 6: Communicate directly with affected constituents: Gupta needed to communicate directly to his employees the position of Coke during this crisis. The employees were the mouthpiece to the community and the media. Everyone one needed a consistent story. Half-truths and rumors would only inflame the situation. Gupta also needed to consider which constituents were the top priority. Communicating with these constituents would filter the information that would be published. In this case, I believe he should have been communicating not only with the media but also with the government as well as any customers affected by the crisis. Step 7: Remember that business must continue: At this point Gupta needed to take a step back and look at which areas of the company will be most affected by the crisis. Are there certain divisions that are short handed because the impromptu crisis management team had taken them away from their usual duties? Did they need to start thinking about a promotional campaign to rebound from the situation? Did they have an exit and re-entrance strategy? Step 8: Make plans to avoid another crisis immediately: Gupta should have been somewhat prepared for this crisis because Coke has had similar incidents in the past such as the Belgium incident. They should have followed the lead of Coke Belgium by not only implementing an aggressive public relations campaign, but also put a crisis management plan and team in place while the motivation was still high to learn from mistakes. Long Term:Gupta needs to integrate the eight steps of crisis management into a crisis policy. This policy should include a campaign to assure customers of continuous safety monitoring, as well partnering with the CSE, government and other evaluators, and regulatory organizations. Together they could create and implement a consumer safety policy. They should also have set up a public relations campaign that highlights combined efforts to exceed safety and environmental standards of excellence within the industry. Short Term: Immediately there should have been a press conference with Gupta stating that they are doing everything imaginable to isolate contaminated bottles for consumer safety until further testing could be done. This would show that Coke puts public safety before profits. Pepsi and Coke did a good job of showing a united front, however, there should have been more emphasis on the effort to provide safety as well as investigating the contamination claims. 2. How would you evaluate the crisis? As the number one brand in the world, Coke has defined excellence in quality and marketing. Vilifying Coke is like vilifying Disney World or Hershey’s Chocolate. With all the resources that Coke has, there was no concentrated effort by Corporate Coke (America) to rally behind India. In my opinion, it seemed that if Coke had presented a global united front, emphasizing public safety, then some of the repercussions (Michigan State’s Coke boycott) could have been avoided. The initial plan to â€Å"deny, deny, deny† and â€Å"attack, attack, attack† showed an uncaring and unsympathetic face to the world. The public perception was that the soft drink industry was more interested in profits and maintaining their brand positioning rather than aggressively investigating the claim and recalling the product. The outright assault on the validity of the CSE’s findings was a mistake. It would have been better to cooperate with the CSE in order to get third party testing done. The CSE, was a respected organization. It generates awareness of consumer health and well-being. Coke immediately criticized the validity of the CSE testing results. . Their initial efforts of the myth versus fact website was effective. However, in my opinion, when Coke and Pepsi united for the press conference, it seemed that it was big corporation versus public safety advocacy groups. Though showing solidarity was effective, the companies should have put more emphasis on the public safety. Crisis is not new for Coke. The Belgium debacle should have given them an outline of how to deal with the crisis. Coke Belgium issued an immediate recall and a public statement that emphasized that safety came first. Hiring an independent toxicologist to test and report on findings would have been more effective. 3. How well prepared was Coke India to deal with the CSE’s allegations? Gupta should have been prepared by the Kinley water crisis. The Center for Science and Environment had evaluated the product. They reported evidence of pesticides in Kinley Water which was a Coke brand. The Center for Science and Environment further stated :â€Å"if what we found in bottled water was correct, then what about soft drinks? † This is a direct statement indicating the soft drinks were next on the list. The Company turned a blind eye to this impending disaster. Coke essentially ignored the Kinley water controversy and luckily it faded away before any real impact was made. Furthermore, there had been no regulation of the soft drink industry at the time when the reports were published. With no regulation in the soft drink industry there was fertile ground for controversy. What is surprising is that the company had excellent record of corporate social responsibility policies. Coke had dedicated itself to environmental responsibilities in India, which included ground water surveys before selecting the sites. Maybe they were too over confident in the environmental assessment of the sites. Coke’s initial and quick response was to deny any and all allegations of tainting and fire back accusations of faulty science. Coke’s assurance that the product was safe was secondary to their claim of misleading and unaccredited data. 4. What is your recommendation for Coke’s communication strategy. Who are the key constituents? Communicate early and often! Coke now has to restore confidence in its key constituents: customers, employees, investors, government and non-government organizations. The first recommendation would be to create an internal chain of communication. Communication about their crisis management plan needed to be sent out to all employees to reassure them that they are taking the necessary steps to correct the issue. The employees likely would talk to their families, neighbors and perhaps the press. There needs to be a consistent message from Coke within the community. It would be advisable to have team meetings and crisis updates to make sure that everyone has a consistent message. There should also be an internal website with a directory of the crisis management team. The website would allow employees to share what they are experiencing or hearing from the community. The next recommendation would be to set up a press conference and partner with the media to assure them that Coke is doing everything possible in regard to testing for safety and removing any contaminants from the water supply before manufacturing. They need to be more forthcoming and transparent with information. There should be a toll free hotline and a website for communications to update the public and questions and answers. There should be a link on this website to an emergency medicine website, hotline with tips and helpful health information for the community. There should be an interface with the government. Coke needs to create standard of excellence program that exceeds the PML , EPA and EED standards. Since Coke already has a good social responsibility policy, they should increase their environmental protection programs to concentrate on the Indian community. It should coincide with their marketing of â€Å"Think local, act local†. Their marketing should emphasize Coke employees working in the local community to improve environmental conditions and quality of life in the local community. There should be an attempt to put together a think tank of scientists, Coca Cola members, Center for Science and Environment members, and government. This think tank would monitor and work to improve the pesticide levels in the environment. Finally Coke needs to put together a website for investors to keep an accurate account of sales stock prices. This would provide updated information about Coke India and their quality control. This website should include photos and videos of Coke helping to restore value in the community by their environment efforts, and progress of the think tank with regard to the pesticide levels. 5. Could Coke India have avoided the crisis? Coke also had the Belgium example to follow. Belgium’s plan of action was swift and decisive. If Coke had responded quickly and adequately to the Kinley water crisis, this could have been avoided. Steps should have been taken to immediately to correct the Kinley water situation and subsequently he soft drinks. This would have been a perfect time to partner with the CSE to review the safety findings. An alliance with the CSE would have gone far for Coke’s public image. The steps that I proposed in question 1 should be taken. 6. What should Gupta do now? This is an opportunity for Gupta to publicly increase and exceed standards. This is a chance to generat e awareness about the company’s focus on environmental issues. Coke should create a campaign to work with other environmental organizations and create a cleaner India and a greener Coke. Gupta should focus most of his efforts in committing to public safety and improving the local community in India. Once faith is restored in the brand, the momentum will increase sales and thus investor confidence. Coke should not only implement a crisis management plan but also set up a strategic alliance with the CSE and other NGO’s to initiate a caring Coke campaign. Gupta should put together a transparency policy with the public. Coke should continue its efforts to build social programs with emphasis on education, environmental and water safety and public health initiatives. Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Essay Example Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Paper Case analysis of the Coca-Cola India Crisis 1. What are the key problems that Gupta should focus on in the short term and in the long term? In looking at the situation, hindsight is always 20/20. Gupta would have benefited from the eight steps of crisis management. Step 1: Get control of the situation. Gupta needed to define the real problem, use reliable information, and a measurable communication objective for handling it. Step 2: Gather as much information as possible: Gupta quickly reacted to the situation without taking a fair and objective look at the facts in the statements being made. Gupta’s reaction was emotional and attacked the credibility of the Center for Science and Environment ( hereafter CSE). Step 3: Set up a centralized crisis management center: As Gupta was gathering the right information from the right people he should have made arrangement for creating a crisis center for the constituents, that is, media, employees, customers, and government. Creating a crisis center would have made Coke India look more sympathetic and human. Instead, Gupta went on the attack and published a letter that was callous and focused only on the potential impairment of business; not the safety of lives. Step 4:Comminicate early and often: Gupta should have made a plea in person especially since the crisis involved the threat to lives. He could have avoided any panic by hiring a public relations firm to assist him during this process. He should have expressed concern for the public safety rather than focus on profits and conspiracy theories. Step 5:Understand the media’s mission in a crisis: We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gupta should have created an alliance with certain member’s of the media. A public relations firm would have been an asset. Step 6: Communicate directly with affected constituents: Gupta needed to communicate directly to his employees the position of Coke during this crisis. The employees were the mouthpiece to the community and the media. Everyone one needed a consistent story. Half-truths and rumors would only inflame the situation. Gupta also needed to consider which constituents were the top priority. Communicating with these constituents would filter the information that would be published. In this case, I believe he should have been communicating not only with the media but also with the government as well as any customers affected by the crisis. Step 7: Remember that business must continue: At this point Gupta needed to take a step back and look at which areas of the company will be most affected by the crisis. Are there certain divisions that are short handed because the impromptu crisis management team had taken them away from their usual duties? Did they need to start thinking about a promotional campaign to rebound from the situation? Did they have an exit and re-entrance strategy? Step 8: Make plans to avoid another crisis immediately: Gupta should have been somewhat prepared for this crisis because Coke has had similar incidents in the past such as the Belgium incident. They should have followed the lead of Coke Belgium by not only implementing an aggressive public relations campaign, but also put a crisis management plan and team in place while the motivation was still high to learn from mistakes. Long Term:Gupta needs to integrate the eight steps of crisis management into a crisis policy. This policy should include a campaign to assure customers of continuous safety monitoring, as well partnering with the CSE, government and other evaluators, and regulatory organizations. Together they could create and implement a consumer safety policy. They should also have set up a public relations campaign that highlights combined efforts to exceed safety and environmental standards of excellence within the industry. Short Term: Immediately there should have been a press conference with Gupta stating that they are doing everything imaginable to isolate contaminated bottles for consumer safety until further testing could be done. This would show that Coke puts public safety before profits. Pepsi and Coke did a good job of showing a united front, however, there should have been more emphasis on the effort to provide safety as well as investigating the contamination claims. 2. How would you evaluate the crisis? As the number one brand in the world, Coke has defined excellence in quality and marketing. Vilifying Coke is like vilifying Disney World or Hershey’s Chocolate. With all the resources that Coke has, there was no concentrated effort by Corporate Coke (America) to rally behind India. In my opinion, it seemed that if Coke had presented a global united front, emphasizing public safety, then some of the repercussions (Michigan State’s Coke boycott) could have been avoided. The initial plan to â€Å"deny, deny, deny† and â€Å"attack, attack, attack† showed an uncaring and unsympathetic face to the world. The public perception was that the soft drink industry was more interested in profits and maintaining their brand positioning rather than aggressively investigating the claim and recalling the product. The outright assault on the validity of the CSE’s findings was a mistake. It would have been better to cooperate with the CSE in order to get third party testing done. The CSE, was a respected organization. It generates awareness of consumer health and well-being. Coke immediately criticized the validity of the CSE testing results. . Their initial efforts of the myth versus fact website was effective. However, in my opinion, when Coke and Pepsi united for the press conference, it seemed that it was big corporation versus public safety advocacy groups. Though showing solidarity was effective, the companies should have put more emphasis on the public safety. Crisis is not new for Coke. The Belgium debacle should have given them an outline of how to deal with the crisis. Coke Belgium issued an immediate recall and a public statement that emphasized that safety came first. Hiring an independent toxicologist to test and report on findings would have been more effective. 3. How well prepared was Coke India to deal with the CSE’s allegations? Gupta should have been prepared by the Kinley water crisis. The Center for Science and Environment had evaluated the product. They reported evidence of pesticides in Kinley Water which was a Coke brand. The Center for Science and Environment further stated :â€Å"if what we found in bottled water was correct, then what about soft drinks? † This is a direct statement indicating the soft drinks were next on the list. The Company turned a blind eye to this impending disaster. Coke essentially ignored the Kinley water controversy and luckily it faded away before any real impact was made. Furthermore, there had been no regulation of the soft drink industry at the time when the reports were published. With no regulation in the soft drink industry there was fertile ground for controversy. What is surprising is that the company had excellent record of corporate social responsibility policies. Coke had dedicated itself to environmental responsibilities in India, which included ground water surveys before selecting the sites. Maybe they were too over confident in the environmental assessment of the sites. Coke’s initial and quick response was to deny any and all allegations of tainting and fire back accusations of faulty science. Coke’s assurance that the product was safe was secondary to their claim of misleading and unaccredited data. 4. What is your recommendation for Coke’s communication strategy. Who are the key constituents? Communicate early and often! Coke now has to restore confidence in its key constituents: customers, employees, investors, government and non-government organizations. The first recommendation would be to create an internal chain of communication. Communication about their crisis management plan needed to be sent out to all employees to reassure them that they are taking the necessary steps to correct the issue. The employees likely would talk to their families, neighbors and perhaps the press. There needs to be a consistent message from Coke within the community. It would be advisable to have team meetings and crisis updates to make sure that everyone has a consistent message. There should also be an internal website with a directory of the crisis management team. The website would allow employees to share what they are experiencing or hearing from the community. The next recommendation would be to set up a press conference and partner with the media to assure them that Coke is doing everything possible in regard to testing for safety and removing any contaminants from the water supply before manufacturing. They need to be more forthcoming and transparent with information. There should be a toll free hotline and a website for communications to update the public and questions and answers. There should be a link on this website to an emergency medicine website, hotline with tips and helpful health information for the community. There should be an interface with the government. Coke needs to create standard of excellence program that exceeds the PML , EPA and EED standards. Since Coke already has a good social responsibility policy, they should increase their environmental protection programs to concentrate on the Indian community. It should coincide with their marketing of â€Å"Think local, act local†. Their marketing should emphasize Coke employees working in the local community to improve environmental conditions and quality of life in the local community. There should be an attempt to put together a think tank of scientists, Coca Cola members, Center for Science and Environment members, and government. This think tank would monitor and work to improve the pesticide levels in the environment. Finally Coke needs to put together a website for investors to keep an accurate account of sales stock prices. This would provide updated information about Coke India and their quality control. This website should include photos and videos of Coke helping to restore value in the community by their environment efforts, and progress of the think tank with regard to the pesticide levels. 5. Could Coke India have avoided the crisis? Coke also had the Belgium example to follow. Belgium’s plan of action was swift and decisive. If Coke had responded quickly and adequately to the Kinley water crisis, this could have been avoided. Steps should have been taken to immediately to correct the Kinley water situation and subsequently he soft drinks. This would have been a perfect time to partner with the CSE to review the safety findings. An alliance with the CSE would have gone far for Coke’s public image. The steps that I proposed in question 1 should be taken. 6. What should Gupta do now? This is an opportunity for Gupta to publicly increase and exceed standards. This is a chance to generat e awareness about the company’s focus on environmental issues. Coke should create a campaign to work with other environmental organizations and create a cleaner India and a greener Coke. Gupta should focus most of his efforts in committing to public safety and improving the local community in India. Once faith is restored in the brand, the momentum will increase sales and thus investor confidence. Coke should not only implement a crisis management plan but also set up a strategic alliance with the CSE and other NGO’s to initiate a caring Coke campaign. Gupta should put together a transparency policy with the public. Coke should continue its efforts to build social programs with emphasis on education, environmental and water safety and public health initiatives.

Environmental Determinism Essays

Environmental Determinism Essays Environmental Determinism Paper Environmental Determinism Paper Although environmental determinism has been acclaimed throughout history, it has been lately declining; it has also been divided into arioso subsets including, climate, economic growth and many more. Since ancient times, many prominent Greek philosophers leaned on the idea that they Were more developed than other societies due to their great climate. Plato, Aristotle and Strata were supporters of these ideas; it was Strata who wrote that the psychological disposition of races is influenced by the climate. An East-African writer, AY-Jazz, related environmental determinism with the theory of evolution to explain skin colors. He believed that environment aspects of the black basalt rocks in the Arabian Peninsula were the cause of he dark-skinned African people and animals. An Arab sociologist, scholar and also first officially known environmental determinist, Bin Chalked, who wrote the Macadamia (1 377), stated that most dark human skin color is due to the hot climate in the region. This belief was supported by many people but was later flamed around the years sass because it was believed it was a justification for imperialism and racism-Environmental determinism reached its maximum point in the 19th century when the German geographer Frederica Rtees and his students, Ellen Churchill Sample and Ellsworth Huntington, used it as the central theory of discipline and was quickly expanding. By the early sass environmental determinism was being replaced by environmental possibility because it was said that environmental determinism was to broad of an explanation and it generalized cultures and behaviors just because of direct observation. By the sass environmental determinism was fully replaced by environmental possibility. Environmental determinism has various subsets, one which is the climatic subset, sometimes known as the equatorial paradox, which was studied greatly by Ellsworth Huntington. The climatic subset is a theory to be part of a geographical economy. It is believed that the tropical climate regions or countries tend to be less developed than the countries further to the equator. Following this theory about 70% of the economic development of a county can be predicted from the distance between that country and the A clear example of this may be Canada whose GAP of 2011 was $1. Trillion U. S dollars and is located far north of the equator, Nicaragua whos near the equator and has a GAP, as of 2011, of $7. Billion U. S dollars. Also, Chile who is southern more of the equator has a GAP of $248. Billion U. S Dollars as of 201 1 as well [2]. This theory has counter-examples due to high investments done within the country and also resources such as oil, fish, wood, and many more. Another us best of environmental determinism is the economic growth. Geography is a great influence in the economic growth because people usually tend to move to more productive areas where you tend to have easier access to resources. Usually, countries that have a vast access to fresh water, arent land locked, have great climate, good soil, good route access and are closer to the sea, tend to be the most prosperous. Of course this may change depending of what kind of resources you have, some desert countries tend to have oil and become and exception. Environmental determinism has shown a great impact of culture. People who are used to live near the tropical sea tend to eat a lot of fish food, usually know how to swim and according to a Jamaican stereotype, they are more relaxed. People who live in the snow or really intense cold weather are usually more depressed, slow, have higher rates of suicides and mostly, and have more tendency for hot drinks. Finnish and Russians have a vodka drinking stereotype, meanwhile tropical climate entries like Nicaragua and Puerco Rice are usually more into rum. We also have Chile and France who have a chilly weather and tend to drink more wine. Environmental determinism has been around for ages, it has slowly been fading away since new theories are coming up and many exceptions and showing. Many famous philosophers, geographers, scientists and even writers support the idea of environmental determinism, which can be related to the theory of evolution and can be an explanation of the different skin colors that not only us, humans, have developed but also many other types of animals in different regions. Environmental determinism can be used to determine about 70% Of a countrys economy because you can tell by the geographical position of the country if its land locked, has fresh water access and also vast resources.

Types of Communication Method for Organization Essay

Types of Communication Method for Organization - Essay Example With these necessary factors established, potential future steps for this project include determining the best way to decipher this information. In regard to determining which communication method works best, it seems that it would be most effective to survey a sample of customer service based organizations to see which method they use to get their information out. In addition to these aspects, the final draft needs to include information on what distinguishes these methods as better than others. With these necessary factors established, potential future steps for this project include determining the best way to decipher this information. In regard to determining which communication method works best, it seems that it would be most effective to survey a sample of customer service based organizations to see which method they use to get their information out. In addition to these survey choices, there is also the option to send out survey questionnaires to customers to see what communication methods they feel work best in building their relationship with the companies. The potential issues with this notion are the ideas that customers could give a generic response or not respond at all. Other curveballs that may interfere with this type of information garnering include gauging how businesses use these communication methods for their various purposes. For example, if organizations use Lotus Live for a meeting, that would have different In moving forward, I feel these steps would be the best because there needs to be a correlation between the gathered evidence to produce an effective and sound argument for the final paper.  

Myself as a Psychological Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myself as a Psychological Practitioner - Essay Example I also look forward to the opportunity to work while I am waiting to be certified. That is a benefit both economically and professionally. A psychologist, whether certified or a practoners is a person that helps other individuals and I see myself making a career out such a profession. The opportunity to use my education and apply it in a health care profession that helps others has always been my goal. There is always the opportunity available for me to remain as a psychological practoners if that fits my needs the best. There is also always the opportunity for me to go on and become a certified psychologist. I personally feel by being a psychological practoners I will be able to decide which the best fit is for me and what I am best suited to do. Becoming a practitioner in the psychological field requires paper work and meetings of particular standards. These standards are set forth by the American Psychological Association and adhered to by all psychological practitioners and certified psychologists alike practitioner I see myself as a professional and I look forward to being able to work in a profession that has standards and an association that sets them.

American Constitution and Freedom of Speech

American Constitution and Freedom of Speech THESIS: Throughout the years, the legislatures assurance of the right to speak freely has been giving Americans voices and the privilege to be heard without dread of discipline, be that as it may, the right to speak freely simply like anything can be mishandled and used to damage individuals, not simply in federalism but rather through common freedoms and social equality too. I. Introduction The First Amendments of the U.S. Constitution awards us the privilege to free discourse and expresses that Congress should make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. The aim behind the Constitution was to permit people the privilege to completely communicate without laws ruining them; the Framers of the Constitution made laws that have progressed since 1797. The right to speak freely has favored this country that awards us a voice to vote on laws affected by the American government. II. Main Point 1: Identify implications for federalism related to the topic 1. One positive effect of federalism on free discourse is that the Constitutions assurance of the right to speak freely applies similarly to laws received by the federal, state, and local governments. In treating every division in an unexpected way, Justice Harlan contended that state speech limitations be given more breathing space than federal ones. 2. One negative impact of federalism on free speech is that we cannot always trust the government when it comes to dealing with our individual rights. Those in charge will often take advantage, often putting that federal laws above the local and state laws in the hopes that federals will long outlive the state and local laws. 3. One scholarly source that supports the topic sentence: In an article written by Adam Winkler about a study that was done, the study finds that speech-restrictive laws adopted by the federal government are far more likely to be upheld than similar laws adopted by state and local governments. Courts applying strict scrutiny in free speech cases upheld federal speech laws in 56% of cases, state speech laws in 24% of cases, and local speech laws in a remarkably low 3% of cases. III. Main Point 2: Identify implications for civil rights to the related topic 1. One positive impact on the civil rights that was brought about by free speech was the civil rights movement of the 20th century which started in 1954 and carried on well into 1968. This was could be considered a social movement as well since it not only created new civil rights laws but also equality laws. 2. One negative impact of civil rights movement brought about the rise of hate groups that were determined to stop those in the black community who now had found a platform to voice all the injustices that were placed on them by those in power, the whites. 3. One scholarly source that supports the topic sentence: The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the most prominent hate-based organization in American history. Founded in the aftermath of the Civil War as a whimsical social club, the Klan quickly transformed into a terrorist organization aimed at subjugating newly freed blacks and driving out moderate whites that attempted to improve the plight of Freedmen in the Reconstruction South. (Freyer Levitt, 2011) IV. Main Point 3: Identify implications for civil liberties related to free speech One positive impact on the civil liberties associated with free speech is that it brought about the Amendments which gave us the right to free speech, to vote, to marry whomever we chose, and unreasonable searches of your home and the right to a speedy trial to name a few One negative impact on the civil liberties associated with free is the fact that speech isnt really free. Many were arrested for simply speaking about things such as the war or abortion. One scholarly source that supports this topic sentence: In this Article, Professor Curtis explores the First Amendments guarantee of free speech and the contention that other constitutional values must supersede this guarantee during a time of war (Curtis, 1998) V. Conclusion Our Constitutional rights are essential to everyone. The battles Americans underwent from the framers coming together and writing the Constitution, permitting individuals to have a voice as long as no harm was done, to the Civil rights movement where the black community fought for equality, not only for themselves but also for other minorities all while dealing with white hate groups and to the 20th century where in the after the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist acts, the Patriot Act was signed into law by then President George Bush. This act violated both the First and Fourth Amendments. Free speech and free from seizures and unwarranted searches. An individuals free speech must not be infringed upon to satisfy anothers curiosity because it is unconstitutional. References Adam Winkler, Free Speech Federalism, 108 Mich. L. Rev. 153 (2009). Available at:  http://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol108/iss2/1 Fryer R, Levitt S. Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan. Quarterly Journal of  Economics. 2012;127 (4) :1883-1925. Michael Kent Curtis, Lincoln, Vallandingham, and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War. Retrieved from scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1428context=wmborj

The Strengths and Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach in Explainin

The aim of this essay is to describe and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the behaviourist approach in terms of ability to explain behaviour. This essay will briefly outline the historical development of the behaviourist approach and include psychologists ranging from Watson to Bandura. This essay will describe in detail the different perspectives held within behaviourism from classical conditioning to the social learning theory and discuss the strengths and weakness surrounding these theories. The idea of Behaviourism dates back to Descartes. Descartes was a philosopher that introduced the mind and body debate, he believed that the mind and body were two separate existences that casually interacted with each other, he named this his theory of interactive dualism however the idea of behaviourism didn’t derive from just this one point. Theories on the mind and body originated from as far back as Plato and Aristotle. (Gentile 2008) Another contributor to the idea of the behaviourism approach was John Locke with his belief that all humans are born with ‘tabular Rasa’ a blank state. Locke believed that the mind at birth had no innate conceptions and that all behaviour is learnt from the environment. Locke wanted to validate his nurture belief so employed empirical methods of research. All these different theories helped Behaviourism come into a discipline in its own right from the twentieth century onwards (Gentile 2008) The behaviourist approach is somewhat different to the other approaches in Psychology as the main focus is on the external environmental factors and the effect these have on behaviour. Behaviourists believe that People have no free will and that a person’s environment determines their behaviour and that psy... ...lots of contrasting views surrounding the behaviourist approach and the explanations it gives for explaining behaviour however it can be said that behaviourism has made great contributions to a better understanding of behaviour. Works Cited Flannagan,C (1997) A Level Psychology.London: Letts Educational Gentile,B and Miller,B (2008) Foundations of Psychological Thought: A History of Psychology.Los Angeles :Sage Publications Ltd Glassman,W and Hadan,M (2004) Approaches to Psychology.4Ed.Berkshire:Open university Press. R,Gross 2004 Key studies in psychology.3Ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Gross,R (2009)Psychology. The science of mind and behaviour. 5ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Moxon,D and Brewer,K.(2003) Heinemann Psychology.Oxford:Educational Publishers Roth,I (2000) Introduction to Psychology.Glasgow:Bath Press Colour books.

Gothic Architecture

The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era's transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people's fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Ca thedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren't important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyone's life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after lif e. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn't make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people look ed to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God's representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God's Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Sinc e the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in society's eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people's perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn't become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral's high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warf are. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral's design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedra l of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didn't build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn't even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that fai lure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design. Gothic Architecture The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era's transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people's fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Ca thedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren't important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyone's life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after lif e. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn't make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people look ed to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God's representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God's Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Sinc e the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in society's eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people's perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn't become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral's high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warf are. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral's design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedra l of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didn't build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn't even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that fai lure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design.