8 Crazy Things That Could Happen to the Workplace Within 30 Years

8 Crazy Things That Could Happen to the Workplace Within 30 Years Ever consider how the work environment of things to come will be unique? Here’s some something to think about: a couple of situations to consider as we plan our professions in an evolving world. 1. Driverless CarsThis isn’t such a great amount about the work environment, yet will surely change drives and furthermore in a general sense modify fields like mass travel and transportation, and possibly additionally change the substance of the car business forever.2. No More OfficesMore and more organizations may select to have laborers set up remotely, either at home or in shared collaborating spaces. This will set aside organizations bunches of cash on office space and enable them to employ ability from around the world.3. Huge BrotherGPS observing may empower businesses to follow your area, your wellbeing, and your efficiency. This positively won’t be famous, yet as long as the innovation exists, a few organizations will need to utilize it.4. Workers’ ChoiceM ore and more recent college grads entering the workforce are requesting that their managers satisfy their moral guidelines. Anticipate that laborers should switch organizations and employments more than they used to as they follow their interests and attempt to shape their optimal careers.5. Work ‘Til You DropWe’re all living longer, and organizations are disposing of expensive retirement programs. We’ll all most likely need to work a whole lot longer, especially as clinical advances keep us alive well past the future of our parents’ parents.6. Low maintenance PlusFreelancing might be the flood of things to come. It’s a lot less expensive for a business to employ a specialist, without giving advantages or medical coverage. What's more, numerous laborers favor the control and adaptability that way of life bears them. The consistent 9-5 might be a dinosaur when our children enter the activity market.7. Counterfeit IntelligenceArtificial insight will b egin to supplant the same number of employments as attainable, placing increasingly manual errands in computerized hands. This will wreck certain employments, however make others in innovation and service.8. No More BossesZappos did it with their questionable â€Å"holacracy.† More and more organizations are rebuilding from the run of the mill direct snort level-up-to-large manager model. We can anticipate increasingly sidelong, integrative orders to begin framing, which will change the essence of how we work and who we work for.9 ways the working environment will be diverse in 2050

Convertibility of Black Money Indian Case Essay Example

Convertibility of Black Money: Indian Case Essay 1. What is dark cash? Dark cash is basically the money utilized in ‘black economy’. Dark, shadow, underground, in secret, informal, underground, unrecorded, casual, unpredictable, second, sundown, equal †are for the most part the equivalents utilized for the ‘shadow economy’. The shadow economy fundamentally comprises of legitimate and criminal operations outside the span of the legislature. Smith (1985, p. 18) gives an exceptionally expansive meaning of the shadow economy as ‘market based creation of products and ventures, regardless of whether legitimate or unlawful, that get away from recognition in the official assessments of GDP’. Table 1 gives a superior perspective on what a sensible meaning of underground economy incorporates. Underground monetary exercises are for the most part unlawful activities that fit the qualities of old style wrongdoing exchanges like theft, burglary, medicate managing, and so on. Casual family economy comprises of family unit endeavors that (1) are little regarding people drew in, and (2) are not enlisted formally under different explicit types of national enactment. 2. Why would that be a shadow economy? The development of the underground economy is related with different elements, for example, ascend in assessments and standardized savings troubles, power of guidelines in the official economy, particularly the work markets including constrained decrease of week by week working time, early retirement, preclusion of not working at more than one office for government authorities and so forth. Aside from financial components certain non-monetary factors additionally lead to the extension of the underground economy, for example, reluctance to show the precise salary and so forth. We will compose a custom paper test on Convertibility of Black Money: Indian Case explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Convertibility of Black Money: Indian Case explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Convertibility of Black Money: Indian Case explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer As indicated by Schneider and Enste (2000) smaller scale sociological and mental methodologies give fascinating bits of knowledge with regards to the dynamic procedure of people deciding to work underground. For instance, the decrease of city goodness and steadfastness towards open establishments and decrease in charge resolve of the individuals. Weight of Tax and Social Security Contributions The most significant determinant of the expansion of the underground economy is the ascent in duty and standardized savings loads [ Tanzi (1982, 1999)]. Because of increment in charge rates individuals for the most part engage in those exercises where they can procure more and pay as less expenses as could reasonably be expected. Schneider and Enste (2000) express that greater the distinction between the complete expense of work in the official economy and after assessment income (from work), more prominent the motivating force to maintain a strategic distance from this distinction and work in the underground economy. Since this distinction relies comprehensively upon the government managed savings framework and the general taxation rate, along these lines, these are the key highlights of the presence and ascent of the underground economy. Loayza (1996) gauges the size of the casual division in fourteen Latin American nations and finds that taxation rate and work showcase limitations increment the underground economy action, while the quality and proficiency of government foundations diminishes the underground economy. Schneider and Neck (1993) stress the multifaceted nature of tax assessment framework. A mind boggling charge plan permits progressively lawful assessment shirking by giving different duty exclusions and decreases. Force of Regulations Administrative systems are commonly intended to deal with specific things. Expanding the quantity of guidelines for any market is anything but a decent arrangement to embrace; more guidelines mean more limitations which lead to expanded work costs in the official economy. Since a large portion of these expenses can be moved onto representatives, it diminishes individuals’ decisions to work in the official economy. Accordingly, they would work in the casual/informal division, which subsequently prompts more tax avoidance and increment in the underground economy. Force of guideline is frequently estimated by the quantity of laws and prerequisites, for example, licenses, and different other work laws, e. g. , work limitations for outsiders, value controls and exchange hindrances. Friedman (1999) indicated that more guidelines are corresponded with bigger underground economy. They evaluated that one point increment in a record of guideline (running from 1â€5) prompts 10 percent expansion in the underground economy. Social Transfers Social exchanges, for example, appropriations demoralize individuals to work particularly in the official economy in light of the fact that their general salary is higher on the off chance that they get these exchanges while working in the underground economy. In any case, this doesn't contribute fundamentally to the underground economy undoubtedly. Benefits which have a significant extent in social exchanges in India may contribute yet next to no to the underground economy. 3. Outcomes of the underground economy and tax avoidance Ascend in the underground economy diminishes the state incomes, which thus lessens the quality and amount of openly gave products and ventures [Schneider and Enste (2000)]. The loss of incomes is then either filled through increment in charge rates or by increment in cost of inelastic products, I. e. , expansion charge. To decrease the costs in the nation Government at that point diminishes the cash gracefully and expands the loan fee, which lessens the credit creation and the degree of speculation. Thusly, the general financial movement decreases. The job of financial arrangement is to improve development through increment in venture. Within the sight of high and expanding underground economy it is a hard to gauge how much cash flexibly is expected to show signs of improvement GDP development. 4. The Shadow Economy in India The nearness of the dark economy in India initially went to the bleeding edge with the arrival of the Wanchoo Committee Report (Government of India, Ministry of Finance, 1971), that alluded to the wonder as a â€Å"cancerous development in the country’s economy which if not checked in time, will most likely prompt its ruination†. The Venkatappiah Committee Report (Government of India, 1974), which concentrated on the self-evacuation of extract burdens likewise felt â€Å"free to admit that we are not set up for, and are, in this manner, horrendously astounded at, the range, decent variety and, in specific portions of creation, nearly the comprehensiveness of the avoidance which is polished by the individuals who produce the goods†. Other than charges, the degree of guideline wild in the economy empowering the multiplication of the concealed economy was featured route in 1979 (Government of India, Ministry of Finance, 1979) by the Dagli Committee Report. This report archives the snare of guideline that appears to have smothered mechanical permitting, import authorizing, controls on costs and dispersion channels of merchandise and enterprises, credit controls and different measures in India for certain decades now. 5. Convertibility of dark cash to white cash Experts gauge that Indias dark cash ranges from 5% to a beast 20% of total national output. The unaccounted cash additionally takes care of Indias wild debasement machine, including political races. An examination by the Mumbai-based Center for Monitoring Indian Economics (CMIE) found that each parliamentary survey produces between $10. 19 billion and $11. 33 billion of dark cash. Dark tax evasion in India is a continually advancing workmanship, with an ongoing advancement being putting concealed assets in compositions. Duty authorities striking manufacturers in metropolitan urban areas found that contracted bookkeepers were encouraging their customers to conceal their dark cash in craftsmanship assortments. Extravagance vehicles are another giveaway, other than buying land and gems India is one of the universes biggest buyers of gold. Be that as it may, the securities exchange could be the greatest and most effortless illegal tax avoidance road. Dark cash is turned white through huge benefits stashed subsequent to leaving behind a negligible 10% capital increases charge. Countless organizations and Indian people are utilizing Mauritius, a duty sanctuary with which India has twofold tax collection evasion settlement (DTAT), to channelize their dark cash into India as FDI. High total assets people, particularly NRIs, to limit their assessment charge, utilize the nation to put their cash in Indian financial exchanges. The questionable arrangement has empowered various Indian, the US and European organizations to open their â€Å" one room size offices† in that nation to channelize their ventures to India, while keeping away from tax collection, enjoy illegal tax avoidance and convert their ‘black cash into white. ’ Among the pioneers of Mauritius course in India was Enron, which utilized the passage to set up the disputable Dabhol Power Company in Maharashtra. In 2004 while guaranteeing that there were no a particular grievances against the Indian organizations utilizing Mauritius course, Finance Minister P. Chidambaram said India would not like to sign DTAT like settlements with different nations. About Rs 40,000 crore worth of FDI had come to India from Mauritius-based firms. Remarking upon the misgivings that some local organizations were abusing the bargain to â€Å"channelize their dark money†, Mr. Chidambaram stated, â€Å"certain organizations may have exploited the arrangement. Nonetheless, all exchanges included occurred inside the legitimate structure. † The Mauritius government had consented to find a way to forestall the abuse of the settlement through advances like impressive a condition that no organization with Indians’ intrigue would be enrolled in that nation. Further, conditions for the private evidence had been fixed. However, with the adjustment in capital increase rules and some s

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Sankaran Venkataraman, UVAs Darden School

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Sankaran Venkataraman, UVA’s Darden School Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a school, but the educational experience at the business school is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Sankaran Venkataraman  from the University of Virginia’s Darden School of Business Administration. Sankaran Venkataraman (“Strategy,” “Entrepreneurship” and “Ethics”)â€"known around the University of Virginia’s (UVAs) Darden School of Business Administration  campus as simply “Venkat”â€"is an internationally recognized expert on entrepreneurship. He is the MasterCard Professor of Business Administration at Darden and the research director for entrepreneurship at the schools Batten Institute. He edits the Journal of Business Venturing and consults to the U.S. Department of Commerce on promoting entrepreneurship globally. He is also a coauthor of The Innovation Journey (Oxford University Press, 2008) and coeditor of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Regions Around the World: Theory, Evidence and Implications (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008). Venkat earned one of Darden’s awards for most outstanding faculty in 2008 and is generally considered one of the school’s most popular professors. In January 2010, Venkat earned the Academy of Management’s Decade Award for the paper published ten years earlier that has had the greatest impact on scholarship in the fields of management and organizations. A second-year student we interviewed described Venkat as “very analytical, very smart and teaching on the top edge of marketing analytics.” Added a recent alumnus, “He will help much more than you would expect a professor to help.” Another alumnus with whom we spoke recounted meeting Venkat at an Indian Affairs party only a few weeks into his first year: “He [Venkat] quickly realized that I did not know who he was and told me that he was a student in another section. I led him around, introducing him to other new students until I eventually realized that he was pulling my leg.” For more information about UVA Darden and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Virginia (Darden) Blog Archive Professor Profiles Sankaran Venkataraman, UVA’s Darden School Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a school, but the educational experience at the business school is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Sankaran Venkataraman  from the University of Virginia’s Darden School of Business Administration. Sankaran Venkataraman (“Strategy,” “Entrepreneurship,” and “Ethics”)â€"known around the University of Virginia’s (UVAs) Darden School of Business Administration  campus as simply “Venkat”â€"is an internationally recognized expert on entrepreneurship. He is the MasterCard Professor of Business Administration at Darden and the research director for entrepreneurship at the schools Batten Institute. He edits the Journal of Business Venturing and consults to the U.S. Department of Commerce on promoting entrepreneurship globally. He is also a coauthor of The Innovation Journey (Oxford University Press, 2008) and coeditor of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Regions Around the World: Theory, Evidence and Implications (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008). Venkat earned one of Darden’s awards for most outstanding faculty in 2008 and is generally considered one of the school’s most popular professors. In January 2010, Venkat earned the Academy of Management’s Decade Award for the paper published ten years earlier that has had the greatest impact on scholarship in the fields of management and organizations. A second-year student we interviewed described Venkat as “very analytical, very smart, and teaching on the top edge of marketing analytics.” Added a recent alumnus, “He will help much more than you would expect a professor to help.” Another alumnus with whom we spoke recounted meeting Venkat at an Indian Affairs party only a few weeks into his first year: “He [Venkat] quickly realized that I did not know who he was and told me that he was a student in another section. I led him around, introducing him to other new students until I eventually realized that he was pulling my leg.” For more information about Darden and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Virginia (Darden)

The Crucible Compared to The Scarlet Letter - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 382 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Scarlet Letter Essay Did you like this example? Nathaniel Hawthornes, The Scarlet Letter is comparable to Arthur Millers play The Crucible because they are in the Puritan New England era during the 17th and 18th century and follow the same laws and harsh punishments for that time. The Scarlet Letter is a story of Hester Prynne, a woman dealing with the Puritan punishment given to her, where The Crucible follows rumors about witchery cases as they spread throughout the small town. Hester Prynne, the main character of The Scarlet Letter, was found guilty for adultery and sentenced to wear a red scarlet letter A on her chest to let the townspeople aware of her sin. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Crucible Compared to The Scarlet Letter" essay for you Create order Similar to The Crucibles main character, John Proctor, who admits to having an affair on his wife with housemaid Abigail Williams. Instead of him having to wear a scarlet letter A, he is hung for the public to see. When John was pulled into court over the accusations Abigail has made of his infidelity, he admits to his sin. He is emotional and he is hurt by the pain he caused to himself and to his wife. Whereas when Hester was accused she speaks nothing about her sin and mistake, she stays quiet and doesnt show emotion towards her punishments. The reason Abigail takes John to court for the purpose of revenge, to admit to his sin is so that Elizabeth, John Proctors wife, will leave him and Abigail will have a chance to be with John. But with a turn of events Elizabeth and John forgive each others sins. Hester Prynnes story isnt much different. Her infidelity was with the Reverend Dimmesdale, once her husband, Chillingworth, comes back into the picture he seeks revenge on Dimmesdale by guilting him and having his conscious put thoughts and ideas in his head. Another comparable theme that these two share is the time period in which they take place. Both of the stories/plays take place in Massachusetts around the 17th and 18th century Puritan era. During this time religion was at an all time high, religion was well known and respected throughout the setting. This means when whichcraft comes into play, its automatically the work of the devil, because it is not Godly. Which also means when infidelity happens it is frowned upon and a sin.

Basic Human Needs - 3725 Words

Physiological needs For the most part, physiological needs are obvious — they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function. Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. The intensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species. Safety needs With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individuals safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. These needs have to do with peoples yearning for a predictable orderly world in which†¦show more content†¦The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness. Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is separate from basic needs he warns that these â€Å"two hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated† (Maslow 97). This means that this level of need, as well as the next and highest level, are not strict, separate levels but closely related to others, and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks. Self-actualization â€Å"What a man can be, he must be.†[8] This forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need pertains to what a persons full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.[9] This is a broad definition of the need for self-actualization, but when applied to individuals the need is specific. For example one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in another it may be expressed in painting, pictures, or inventions.[10] As mentioned before, in order to reach a clear understanding of this level of need one must first not only achieve the previous needs, physiological,Show MoreRelatedThe Basic Human Needs Approach1873 Words   |  8 Pagesof wealth and social welfare (Escobar 5); nevertheless, with the industrialization and increasing use of human workforce, economic growth started to play a role in social development. This economic growth was not merely accounted in terms of income but was also characterized as the level of the distribution of wealth among the people (Escobar 6). Furthermore, in the 1970, the â€Å"basic human needs approach† began to act out the principles of social development as a not only pertaining to the economicRead MoreHamlet And The Basic Human Need For Truth1478 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet and the Basic Human Need for Truth Marcus Aurelius is quoted as saying, â€Å"Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.† This idea is examined in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, a play full of warmly delivered lies and completely intentional deceit. Hamlet himself shows how a life full of lies and deceit breeds a desire for something real. In the beginning of the play, authenticity is introduced as a rare trait and the Ghost reveals treacheryRead MoreThe Absolutely True Story Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1361 Words   |  6 Pagesobstacles time and time again for him. 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The government through the US Department of Housing and Urban Development has put in enormousRead MoreDrinking Water Is An Essential Basic Human Need Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are life’s basic essentials? Food, Water, and Shelter; that it the basic essen tial needs that is taught to us all in primary school. In order for any humans to survive, this is what is needed to sustain life. So that means if one of these essential life needs is not available, the chances of survival are limited. Upon doing my research for this assignment, the statistics that came up about unclean drinking water was perplexing. For example, one in nine people worldwide do not have access toRead MoreGoal of Christian Counseling2248 Words   |  9 Pagestoward spiritual maturity. However, as the believer continues to grow to be more like Christ and to have the mind of God, he or she may become more aware of his or her own hidden and continued sinfulness, human frailties, root causes of surface problems,  emotional damage, and disorders as well as a need for greater and greater dependence upon God. This will be due to the fact that the Holy Spirit will shine its light on your life and will bring forth inner convictions. Counseling is not an end in itselfRead More Marcuses Account of the Features and Significance of True and False N2620 Words   |  11 Pagesmerely to point out the shortcomings of the present system. He further hopes to encourage change in the most basic features of society, and with the intent to effect change arises the question of what goals the proposed change is directed towards. Primary among his goals is the quot;development and satisfaction of human needs and facultiesquot; (xliii). 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Yet, an estimated 130 children under age 5 die every single day in Tanzania from malnutrition due to a lack of nutrient rich food. Malnutrition in its most basic form is the lack of nutrients needed for a body to be healthy and grow. The effects are both physical and mental causing stunted growth, fatigue, muscle weakness, weak bones and immune systems, problems with organ function, and in severe cases, deathRead MoreBasic Human Needs. No Poverty. The Goal To End Poverty1106 Words   |  5 PagesBasic Human Needs No Poverty The goal to end poverty has been quite a challenge for Kazakhstan. Between Kazakhstan and neighboring african states, poverty is a serious issue that has made little to no improvements. Even worse, the rate is expected to rise due to climate change and insecurity of agriculture (Post-2015 Development Agenda). Zero Hunger Hunger is a worldwide issue that appears even in some of the riches states. Kazakhstan struggles with this goal where 1 out of every 4 individuals in

Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room - Jacob Flanders, Many...

Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room - Jacob Flanders, Many Things to Many Readers Listless is the air in an empty room, just swelling the curtain; the flowers in the jar shift. One fibre in the wicker arm- chair creaks, though no one sits there. - Jacobs Room The year 1922 marks the beginning of High Modernism with the publications of T. S. Eliots The Wasteland, James Joyces Ulysses, and Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room. Woolfs novel, only her third, is not generally afforded the iconic worship and critical praise so often attached to those works of her most famous male contemporaries. Jacobs Room is seldom suggested as one of Woolfs best fiction; the novel has not generated the same encomia as her recognized masterpieces Mrs.†¦show more content†¦These novels largely followed the precedent of Victorian and Edwardian realistic characterization and narrative consciousness. The story of Rachel Vinrace is conveyed through the traditional omniscient, omnipresent narrative consciousness which occasionally projects its own thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and emotions onto the reality of Rachels world. In Jacobs Room, Woolf extends the omniscience of the narrator exponentially. Consciousness or narrative voice is no longer centered in a singul ar fictional being. Instead, the narrative consciousness is dispersed across the whole of the works universe; the collective voice of the novel includes the traditional impersonal presence as well as Jacobs view, Betty Flanders view, the view of the London crowds, and many others. When the novel was published on 27 October 1922 by the Hogarth Press and printed by R. R. Clark of Edinburgh, Woolf was terribly anxious about its critical reception because of her radical experimentation in the work (Letters 574) and its departure from the fictional conventions of works by writers like Bennet and Wells, as well as her own previous novels. She was strongly impressed by the Russian writers of the late nineteenth century, who had only recently been translated into English. As a writer always seeking newShow MoreRelatedA Room Of Ones Own And Terry Eagleton Analysis1098 Words   |  5 Pages There are many different theories you can look for when reading literature. You have five of Terry Eagleton’s theories which are reader’s response, feminism, psychological view, and historical, and formalism. There is Nietzsche’s theory where he believes everything is a metaphor, everything can be interpreted differently by the reader. Emerson’s theory is transidlism and existentialism. Transidlism is when someone will accept that there are miracles in the world. Existentialism is when someone doesn’tRead More Rebecca Wests The Return of the Soldier and Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room2731 Words   |  11 PagesReturn of the Soldier and Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room Rebecca West and Virginia Woolf give great significance to the families of their respective main characters in The Return of the Soldier and Jacob’s Room because it gives the reader a greater insight to the formation of and reasoning for both Chris and Jacob’s nature. Each of these characters have multiple families to deal with: Chris has Kitty and Jenny on the one hand, and Margaret on the other, while Jacob deals with his mother and

Globalization and international social work - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Globalization and international social work. Answer: Introduction Globalisation is the process by which all the communities and the people come together to experience an increasingly common social, economic and cultural environment (Beck, 2015). The report includes the description which shows how globalization one of the contextual factors can improve the business idea of Ecological Aids Pty Ltd. Further, the paper includes the capitalizing on the potential benefits and challenges that are associated with globalization. Ecological Aids Pty Ltd will be providing green services to the customers who would save the environment. The company provides the guidelines to the customers for the effective use of the resource that helps in generating the sustainability. To improve the business idea of Ecological Aids Pty Ltd the company can make use of globalization as a contextual factor. Globalisation Globalisation refers to as the free movement of the goods, service, and people globally in a seamless and integrated manner (Management Study Guide, 2017). The spread of globalization is increasing and maximum numbers of companies are making use of this factor to expand their products and services in other markets (Crane Matten, 2016). The whole world is affected due to the changes that are taking place related to the resources and environment. The service provided by the Ecological Aids Pty Ltd is unique and essential because there are many countries that are facing the problems of the increased pollution level and wastage of resources at large scale. The resources available across the world are limited and threatened by pollution and consumption patterns of people globally. Each and every people are contributing to the environmental degradation (International Federation of Social Workers, 2012). The company can help in resolving the problems that can affect the present and future. It is essential for the company to globalize their service of generating awareness about the use of the energy and resources because this is the only way to generate the sustainable resources and energy. Potential opportunities In the initial stage, the company is trying to capture 20% of the industry but the company is going to increase its size to 40% because the industry is growing rapidly in the current scenario. Globalization is offering a platform to many companies in order to expand the business. Similarly, Ecological Aids Pty Ltd can make use of this platform to generate the awareness about their services. Expansion in different markets The company will be having an opportunity to expand the business in other countries like Asia and America because these countries are facing the problem of the increased level of pollution. In this condition, the company will be able to offer its services to a maximum number of customers. The company will be able to form the customer base in the countries of Asia and America (Analysis of environment, industry and SWOT analysis, 2017). Ecological Aids Pty Ltd will contribute to improve the environmental conditions and promote sustainability. The sustainability of resources and energy will bring the development of the country in the near future (WIRE, 2017). The expansion of business in countries of Asia will be beneficial for the company because some of the countries in Asia are dealing with the economic factors which include inflation and scarcity of jobs. Improvement in Skills of Employees The main asset of the company will be skilled employees of the company who will contribute in generating the awareness. The company will be able to get the skilled and knowledgeable employees in different countries where they will expand the business. The culture of the different countries will help the company in generating the diverse skills of the employees (Dancygier Walter, 2015). Skilled employees will work effectively and enhance the business idea of the company. Skilled employees are going to help the company in facing the competitor and in making a competitive advantage. Increase in market share Globalisation will open a way for the company to generate the awareness about the effective use of the resources and energy that is essential in the present scenario. The customer and business will get an opportunity to select the suitable sustainability services that are created to reduce the energy cost and environmental footprints (Porter Heppelmann, 2015). People will get to know that not only they will be able to generate the sustainability but they will be able to save money. Ecological Aids Pty Ltd will be able to make the place in the mind and heart of the customers after generating the awareness and this result in the increase in the market share of the company which helps in enhancing more customers. Currently, in Australia, the market share is acquired by the Green Movers Australia. Green Movers is a competitor of Ecological Aids Pty Ltd and going to give strong competition because the company is also having the operations in other countries which shows that the company i s making use of platform provided by globalization. Strong Political terms The company will get an opportunity to show the ways which they are using to bring the changes in the country and maintaining a sustainable environment. The company will form the good terms with the government as they have the similarly in their objective. Both work to maintain the sustainable environment in the country. The government forms the policies and regulations related to environmental protection and resources conservations. The company will be having the good connection with the government which will be essential to improve the business idea and structure of the company (Altru-Energy, 2010). Potential Challenges The platform of globalization not only provides the potential opportunity but also leads to some of the challenges. Similarly, Ecological Aids Pty Ltd will also face some of the challenges which are discussed below: - Legal factors The legal factors include the laws and regulations introduced by the government on particular industry or sector. The company will find the risk of changes in the policies and regulations by the government related to the environment. The changes in the legislation will affect the expansion of the business in other countries (Payne Askeland, 2016). Climate and environmental changes The climate change will be one of the factors that will create the impact on the resource conservation and will be a huddle for Ecological Aids Pty Ltd. The shifting in the weather patterns and the variations in climate might affect the resources of the country. Environmental hazards include storms, tsunami, and earthquakes which lead to the major damage to the water, air and land resources (Long, 2014). The company will try to offer resource conservation facilities which get affected due to the climate and environmental changes and create the impact on the strategies of the company. Getting support from the customers The company will find lack of support from the customers across the world. Different countries have different cultural values which they dont want to change or upgrade which might affect the working of the company in those countries. Sustainable energy or resource conservation is important for every country and each country make use of different ways to maintain that in their country (Reason, Lvlie Flu, 2015). The Ecological Aids Pty Ltd will find a problem in convincing the customer for making the use of the services that they are offering. Along with that, the company will find it challenging to form a customer base or loyal customers. Loyal customers will help Ecological Aids Pty Ltd in making the position in the market. Recommendations The company will be able to improve the business idea due to contextual factor. Though, the contextual factor (globalization) can lead to the opportunity and challenges for the company. It will be recommended to the company to make use of the effective marketing or promotional strategies. These promotional strategies will help the company in creating the strong customer base and leads to the loyal customers who are a concern for environmental sustainability. This will help the company to tackle the challenge. Climate and environmental changes will also affect the services of the company. Ecological Aids Pty Ltd should try to reduce the impact of these changes. Conclusion It can be concluded from the report that the Ecological Aids Pty Ltd will be having the potential opportunities that are associated with the globalization factor. This factor will help the Ecological Aids Pty Ltd in improving the business idea. Though, the company will also face some of the potential challenges that are associated with the contextual factor. These potential benefits and challenges will affect the strategies and structure of the company. At the end, the report includes the recommendation for the company. References Altru-Energy. (2010). PEST ANALYSIS Solar Energy Sector in Australia. Viewed on 9th January 2018, https://altru-energy.com/2010/02/17/pest-analysis-solar-energy-sector-in-australia/ Analysis of environment, industry and SWOT analysis. (2017). Free Essays - PhDessay.com. Viewed on 9th January 2018, https://phdessay.com/analysis-of-environment-industry-and-swot-analysis/ Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Dancygier, R. M., Walter, S. (2015). Globalization, labor market risks, and class cleavages. International Federation of Social Workers. (2012). Globalisation and the environment. Viewed on 9th January 2018, https://ifsw.org/policies/globalisation-and-the-environment/ Long, T. (2014). Climate change and its effects on natural resources. Viewed on 9th January 2018, https://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/climate_change_and_its_effects_on_natural_resources Management Study Guide. (2017). What is Globalization ? - Meaning and its Importance. Viewed on 9th January 2018, https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-globalization.htm Payne, M., Askeland, G. A. (2016).Globalization and international social work: Postmodern change and challenge. Routledge. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2015). How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), 96-114. Reason, B., Lvlie, L., Flu, M. B. (2015).Service design for business: A practical guide to optimizing the customer experience. John Wiley Sons. WIRE, B. (2017). Research and Markets: PEST ANALYSIS - Renewable Energy Sector in Canada. Viewed on 9th January 2018, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100223006187/en/Research-Markets-PEST-ANALYSIS---Renewable-Energy

Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Essay Example

Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Essay Case analysis of the Coca-Cola India Crisis 1. What are the key problems that Gupta should focus on in the short term and in the long term? In looking at the situation, hindsight is always 20/20. Gupta would have benefited from the eight steps of crisis management. Step 1: Get control of the situation. Gupta needed to define the real problem, use reliable information, and a measurable communication objective for handling it. Step 2: Gather as much information as possible: Gupta quickly reacted to the situation without taking a fair and objective look at the facts in the statements being made. Gupta’s reaction was emotional and attacked the credibility of the Center for Science and Environment ( hereafter CSE). Step 3: Set up a centralized crisis management center: As Gupta was gathering the right information from the right people he should have made arrangement for creating a crisis center for the constituents, that is, media, employees, customers, and government. Creating a crisis center would have made Coke India look more sympathetic and human. Instead, Gupta went on the attack and published a letter that was callous and focused only on the potential impairment of business; not the safety of lives. Step 4:Comminicate early and often: Gupta should have made a plea in person especially since the crisis involved the threat to lives. He could have avoided any panic by hiring a public relations firm to assist him during this process. He should have expressed concern for the public safety rather than focus on profits and conspiracy theories. Step 5:Understand the media’s mission in a crisis: We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gupta should have created an alliance with certain member’s of the media. A public relations firm would have been an asset. Step 6: Communicate directly with affected constituents: Gupta needed to communicate directly to his employees the position of Coke during this crisis. The employees were the mouthpiece to the community and the media. Everyone one needed a consistent story. Half-truths and rumors would only inflame the situation. Gupta also needed to consider which constituents were the top priority. Communicating with these constituents would filter the information that would be published. In this case, I believe he should have been communicating not only with the media but also with the government as well as any customers affected by the crisis. Step 7: Remember that business must continue: At this point Gupta needed to take a step back and look at which areas of the company will be most affected by the crisis. Are there certain divisions that are short handed because the impromptu crisis management team had taken them away from their usual duties? Did they need to start thinking about a promotional campaign to rebound from the situation? Did they have an exit and re-entrance strategy? Step 8: Make plans to avoid another crisis immediately: Gupta should have been somewhat prepared for this crisis because Coke has had similar incidents in the past such as the Belgium incident. They should have followed the lead of Coke Belgium by not only implementing an aggressive public relations campaign, but also put a crisis management plan and team in place while the motivation was still high to learn from mistakes. Long Term:Gupta needs to integrate the eight steps of crisis management into a crisis policy. This policy should include a campaign to assure customers of continuous safety monitoring, as well partnering with the CSE, government and other evaluators, and regulatory organizations. Together they could create and implement a consumer safety policy. They should also have set up a public relations campaign that highlights combined efforts to exceed safety and environmental standards of excellence within the industry. Short Term: Immediately there should have been a press conference with Gupta stating that they are doing everything imaginable to isolate contaminated bottles for consumer safety until further testing could be done. This would show that Coke puts public safety before profits. Pepsi and Coke did a good job of showing a united front, however, there should have been more emphasis on the effort to provide safety as well as investigating the contamination claims. 2. How would you evaluate the crisis? As the number one brand in the world, Coke has defined excellence in quality and marketing. Vilifying Coke is like vilifying Disney World or Hershey’s Chocolate. With all the resources that Coke has, there was no concentrated effort by Corporate Coke (America) to rally behind India. In my opinion, it seemed that if Coke had presented a global united front, emphasizing public safety, then some of the repercussions (Michigan State’s Coke boycott) could have been avoided. The initial plan to â€Å"deny, deny, deny† and â€Å"attack, attack, attack† showed an uncaring and unsympathetic face to the world. The public perception was that the soft drink industry was more interested in profits and maintaining their brand positioning rather than aggressively investigating the claim and recalling the product. The outright assault on the validity of the CSE’s findings was a mistake. It would have been better to cooperate with the CSE in order to get third party testing done. The CSE, was a respected organization. It generates awareness of consumer health and well-being. Coke immediately criticized the validity of the CSE testing results. . Their initial efforts of the myth versus fact website was effective. However, in my opinion, when Coke and Pepsi united for the press conference, it seemed that it was big corporation versus public safety advocacy groups. Though showing solidarity was effective, the companies should have put more emphasis on the public safety. Crisis is not new for Coke. The Belgium debacle should have given them an outline of how to deal with the crisis. Coke Belgium issued an immediate recall and a public statement that emphasized that safety came first. Hiring an independent toxicologist to test and report on findings would have been more effective. 3. How well prepared was Coke India to deal with the CSE’s allegations? Gupta should have been prepared by the Kinley water crisis. The Center for Science and Environment had evaluated the product. They reported evidence of pesticides in Kinley Water which was a Coke brand. The Center for Science and Environment further stated :â€Å"if what we found in bottled water was correct, then what about soft drinks? † This is a direct statement indicating the soft drinks were next on the list. The Company turned a blind eye to this impending disaster. Coke essentially ignored the Kinley water controversy and luckily it faded away before any real impact was made. Furthermore, there had been no regulation of the soft drink industry at the time when the reports were published. With no regulation in the soft drink industry there was fertile ground for controversy. What is surprising is that the company had excellent record of corporate social responsibility policies. Coke had dedicated itself to environmental responsibilities in India, which included ground water surveys before selecting the sites. Maybe they were too over confident in the environmental assessment of the sites. Coke’s initial and quick response was to deny any and all allegations of tainting and fire back accusations of faulty science. Coke’s assurance that the product was safe was secondary to their claim of misleading and unaccredited data. 4. What is your recommendation for Coke’s communication strategy. Who are the key constituents? Communicate early and often! Coke now has to restore confidence in its key constituents: customers, employees, investors, government and non-government organizations. The first recommendation would be to create an internal chain of communication. Communication about their crisis management plan needed to be sent out to all employees to reassure them that they are taking the necessary steps to correct the issue. The employees likely would talk to their families, neighbors and perhaps the press. There needs to be a consistent message from Coke within the community. It would be advisable to have team meetings and crisis updates to make sure that everyone has a consistent message. There should also be an internal website with a directory of the crisis management team. The website would allow employees to share what they are experiencing or hearing from the community. The next recommendation would be to set up a press conference and partner with the media to assure them that Coke is doing everything possible in regard to testing for safety and removing any contaminants from the water supply before manufacturing. They need to be more forthcoming and transparent with information. There should be a toll free hotline and a website for communications to update the public and questions and answers. There should be a link on this website to an emergency medicine website, hotline with tips and helpful health information for the community. There should be an interface with the government. Coke needs to create standard of excellence program that exceeds the PML , EPA and EED standards. Since Coke already has a good social responsibility policy, they should increase their environmental protection programs to concentrate on the Indian community. It should coincide with their marketing of â€Å"Think local, act local†. Their marketing should emphasize Coke employees working in the local community to improve environmental conditions and quality of life in the local community. There should be an attempt to put together a think tank of scientists, Coca Cola members, Center for Science and Environment members, and government. This think tank would monitor and work to improve the pesticide levels in the environment. Finally Coke needs to put together a website for investors to keep an accurate account of sales stock prices. This would provide updated information about Coke India and their quality control. This website should include photos and videos of Coke helping to restore value in the community by their environment efforts, and progress of the think tank with regard to the pesticide levels. 5. Could Coke India have avoided the crisis? Coke also had the Belgium example to follow. Belgium’s plan of action was swift and decisive. If Coke had responded quickly and adequately to the Kinley water crisis, this could have been avoided. Steps should have been taken to immediately to correct the Kinley water situation and subsequently he soft drinks. This would have been a perfect time to partner with the CSE to review the safety findings. An alliance with the CSE would have gone far for Coke’s public image. The steps that I proposed in question 1 should be taken. 6. What should Gupta do now? This is an opportunity for Gupta to publicly increase and exceed standards. This is a chance to generat e awareness about the company’s focus on environmental issues. Coke should create a campaign to work with other environmental organizations and create a cleaner India and a greener Coke. Gupta should focus most of his efforts in committing to public safety and improving the local community in India. Once faith is restored in the brand, the momentum will increase sales and thus investor confidence. Coke should not only implement a crisis management plan but also set up a strategic alliance with the CSE and other NGO’s to initiate a caring Coke campaign. Gupta should put together a transparency policy with the public. Coke should continue its efforts to build social programs with emphasis on education, environmental and water safety and public health initiatives. Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Essay Example Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis Paper Case analysis of the Coca-Cola India Crisis 1. What are the key problems that Gupta should focus on in the short term and in the long term? In looking at the situation, hindsight is always 20/20. Gupta would have benefited from the eight steps of crisis management. Step 1: Get control of the situation. Gupta needed to define the real problem, use reliable information, and a measurable communication objective for handling it. Step 2: Gather as much information as possible: Gupta quickly reacted to the situation without taking a fair and objective look at the facts in the statements being made. Gupta’s reaction was emotional and attacked the credibility of the Center for Science and Environment ( hereafter CSE). Step 3: Set up a centralized crisis management center: As Gupta was gathering the right information from the right people he should have made arrangement for creating a crisis center for the constituents, that is, media, employees, customers, and government. Creating a crisis center would have made Coke India look more sympathetic and human. Instead, Gupta went on the attack and published a letter that was callous and focused only on the potential impairment of business; not the safety of lives. Step 4:Comminicate early and often: Gupta should have made a plea in person especially since the crisis involved the threat to lives. He could have avoided any panic by hiring a public relations firm to assist him during this process. He should have expressed concern for the public safety rather than focus on profits and conspiracy theories. Step 5:Understand the media’s mission in a crisis: We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Coca Cola India Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gupta should have created an alliance with certain member’s of the media. A public relations firm would have been an asset. Step 6: Communicate directly with affected constituents: Gupta needed to communicate directly to his employees the position of Coke during this crisis. The employees were the mouthpiece to the community and the media. Everyone one needed a consistent story. Half-truths and rumors would only inflame the situation. Gupta also needed to consider which constituents were the top priority. Communicating with these constituents would filter the information that would be published. In this case, I believe he should have been communicating not only with the media but also with the government as well as any customers affected by the crisis. Step 7: Remember that business must continue: At this point Gupta needed to take a step back and look at which areas of the company will be most affected by the crisis. Are there certain divisions that are short handed because the impromptu crisis management team had taken them away from their usual duties? Did they need to start thinking about a promotional campaign to rebound from the situation? Did they have an exit and re-entrance strategy? Step 8: Make plans to avoid another crisis immediately: Gupta should have been somewhat prepared for this crisis because Coke has had similar incidents in the past such as the Belgium incident. They should have followed the lead of Coke Belgium by not only implementing an aggressive public relations campaign, but also put a crisis management plan and team in place while the motivation was still high to learn from mistakes. Long Term:Gupta needs to integrate the eight steps of crisis management into a crisis policy. This policy should include a campaign to assure customers of continuous safety monitoring, as well partnering with the CSE, government and other evaluators, and regulatory organizations. Together they could create and implement a consumer safety policy. They should also have set up a public relations campaign that highlights combined efforts to exceed safety and environmental standards of excellence within the industry. Short Term: Immediately there should have been a press conference with Gupta stating that they are doing everything imaginable to isolate contaminated bottles for consumer safety until further testing could be done. This would show that Coke puts public safety before profits. Pepsi and Coke did a good job of showing a united front, however, there should have been more emphasis on the effort to provide safety as well as investigating the contamination claims. 2. How would you evaluate the crisis? As the number one brand in the world, Coke has defined excellence in quality and marketing. Vilifying Coke is like vilifying Disney World or Hershey’s Chocolate. With all the resources that Coke has, there was no concentrated effort by Corporate Coke (America) to rally behind India. In my opinion, it seemed that if Coke had presented a global united front, emphasizing public safety, then some of the repercussions (Michigan State’s Coke boycott) could have been avoided. The initial plan to â€Å"deny, deny, deny† and â€Å"attack, attack, attack† showed an uncaring and unsympathetic face to the world. The public perception was that the soft drink industry was more interested in profits and maintaining their brand positioning rather than aggressively investigating the claim and recalling the product. The outright assault on the validity of the CSE’s findings was a mistake. It would have been better to cooperate with the CSE in order to get third party testing done. The CSE, was a respected organization. It generates awareness of consumer health and well-being. Coke immediately criticized the validity of the CSE testing results. . Their initial efforts of the myth versus fact website was effective. However, in my opinion, when Coke and Pepsi united for the press conference, it seemed that it was big corporation versus public safety advocacy groups. Though showing solidarity was effective, the companies should have put more emphasis on the public safety. Crisis is not new for Coke. The Belgium debacle should have given them an outline of how to deal with the crisis. Coke Belgium issued an immediate recall and a public statement that emphasized that safety came first. Hiring an independent toxicologist to test and report on findings would have been more effective. 3. How well prepared was Coke India to deal with the CSE’s allegations? Gupta should have been prepared by the Kinley water crisis. The Center for Science and Environment had evaluated the product. They reported evidence of pesticides in Kinley Water which was a Coke brand. The Center for Science and Environment further stated :â€Å"if what we found in bottled water was correct, then what about soft drinks? † This is a direct statement indicating the soft drinks were next on the list. The Company turned a blind eye to this impending disaster. Coke essentially ignored the Kinley water controversy and luckily it faded away before any real impact was made. Furthermore, there had been no regulation of the soft drink industry at the time when the reports were published. With no regulation in the soft drink industry there was fertile ground for controversy. What is surprising is that the company had excellent record of corporate social responsibility policies. Coke had dedicated itself to environmental responsibilities in India, which included ground water surveys before selecting the sites. Maybe they were too over confident in the environmental assessment of the sites. Coke’s initial and quick response was to deny any and all allegations of tainting and fire back accusations of faulty science. Coke’s assurance that the product was safe was secondary to their claim of misleading and unaccredited data. 4. What is your recommendation for Coke’s communication strategy. Who are the key constituents? Communicate early and often! Coke now has to restore confidence in its key constituents: customers, employees, investors, government and non-government organizations. The first recommendation would be to create an internal chain of communication. Communication about their crisis management plan needed to be sent out to all employees to reassure them that they are taking the necessary steps to correct the issue. The employees likely would talk to their families, neighbors and perhaps the press. There needs to be a consistent message from Coke within the community. It would be advisable to have team meetings and crisis updates to make sure that everyone has a consistent message. There should also be an internal website with a directory of the crisis management team. The website would allow employees to share what they are experiencing or hearing from the community. The next recommendation would be to set up a press conference and partner with the media to assure them that Coke is doing everything possible in regard to testing for safety and removing any contaminants from the water supply before manufacturing. They need to be more forthcoming and transparent with information. There should be a toll free hotline and a website for communications to update the public and questions and answers. There should be a link on this website to an emergency medicine website, hotline with tips and helpful health information for the community. There should be an interface with the government. Coke needs to create standard of excellence program that exceeds the PML , EPA and EED standards. Since Coke already has a good social responsibility policy, they should increase their environmental protection programs to concentrate on the Indian community. It should coincide with their marketing of â€Å"Think local, act local†. Their marketing should emphasize Coke employees working in the local community to improve environmental conditions and quality of life in the local community. There should be an attempt to put together a think tank of scientists, Coca Cola members, Center for Science and Environment members, and government. This think tank would monitor and work to improve the pesticide levels in the environment. Finally Coke needs to put together a website for investors to keep an accurate account of sales stock prices. This would provide updated information about Coke India and their quality control. This website should include photos and videos of Coke helping to restore value in the community by their environment efforts, and progress of the think tank with regard to the pesticide levels. 5. Could Coke India have avoided the crisis? Coke also had the Belgium example to follow. Belgium’s plan of action was swift and decisive. If Coke had responded quickly and adequately to the Kinley water crisis, this could have been avoided. Steps should have been taken to immediately to correct the Kinley water situation and subsequently he soft drinks. This would have been a perfect time to partner with the CSE to review the safety findings. An alliance with the CSE would have gone far for Coke’s public image. The steps that I proposed in question 1 should be taken. 6. What should Gupta do now? This is an opportunity for Gupta to publicly increase and exceed standards. This is a chance to generat e awareness about the company’s focus on environmental issues. Coke should create a campaign to work with other environmental organizations and create a cleaner India and a greener Coke. Gupta should focus most of his efforts in committing to public safety and improving the local community in India. Once faith is restored in the brand, the momentum will increase sales and thus investor confidence. Coke should not only implement a crisis management plan but also set up a strategic alliance with the CSE and other NGO’s to initiate a caring Coke campaign. Gupta should put together a transparency policy with the public. Coke should continue its efforts to build social programs with emphasis on education, environmental and water safety and public health initiatives.

Environmental Determinism Essays

Environmental Determinism Essays Environmental Determinism Paper Environmental Determinism Paper Although environmental determinism has been acclaimed throughout history, it has been lately declining; it has also been divided into arioso subsets including, climate, economic growth and many more. Since ancient times, many prominent Greek philosophers leaned on the idea that they Were more developed than other societies due to their great climate. Plato, Aristotle and Strata were supporters of these ideas; it was Strata who wrote that the psychological disposition of races is influenced by the climate. An East-African writer, AY-Jazz, related environmental determinism with the theory of evolution to explain skin colors. He believed that environment aspects of the black basalt rocks in the Arabian Peninsula were the cause of he dark-skinned African people and animals. An Arab sociologist, scholar and also first officially known environmental determinist, Bin Chalked, who wrote the Macadamia (1 377), stated that most dark human skin color is due to the hot climate in the region. This belief was supported by many people but was later flamed around the years sass because it was believed it was a justification for imperialism and racism-Environmental determinism reached its maximum point in the 19th century when the German geographer Frederica Rtees and his students, Ellen Churchill Sample and Ellsworth Huntington, used it as the central theory of discipline and was quickly expanding. By the early sass environmental determinism was being replaced by environmental possibility because it was said that environmental determinism was to broad of an explanation and it generalized cultures and behaviors just because of direct observation. By the sass environmental determinism was fully replaced by environmental possibility. Environmental determinism has various subsets, one which is the climatic subset, sometimes known as the equatorial paradox, which was studied greatly by Ellsworth Huntington. The climatic subset is a theory to be part of a geographical economy. It is believed that the tropical climate regions or countries tend to be less developed than the countries further to the equator. Following this theory about 70% of the economic development of a county can be predicted from the distance between that country and the A clear example of this may be Canada whose GAP of 2011 was $1. Trillion U. S dollars and is located far north of the equator, Nicaragua whos near the equator and has a GAP, as of 2011, of $7. Billion U. S dollars. Also, Chile who is southern more of the equator has a GAP of $248. Billion U. S Dollars as of 201 1 as well [2]. This theory has counter-examples due to high investments done within the country and also resources such as oil, fish, wood, and many more. Another us best of environmental determinism is the economic growth. Geography is a great influence in the economic growth because people usually tend to move to more productive areas where you tend to have easier access to resources. Usually, countries that have a vast access to fresh water, arent land locked, have great climate, good soil, good route access and are closer to the sea, tend to be the most prosperous. Of course this may change depending of what kind of resources you have, some desert countries tend to have oil and become and exception. Environmental determinism has shown a great impact of culture. People who are used to live near the tropical sea tend to eat a lot of fish food, usually know how to swim and according to a Jamaican stereotype, they are more relaxed. People who live in the snow or really intense cold weather are usually more depressed, slow, have higher rates of suicides and mostly, and have more tendency for hot drinks. Finnish and Russians have a vodka drinking stereotype, meanwhile tropical climate entries like Nicaragua and Puerco Rice are usually more into rum. We also have Chile and France who have a chilly weather and tend to drink more wine. Environmental determinism has been around for ages, it has slowly been fading away since new theories are coming up and many exceptions and showing. Many famous philosophers, geographers, scientists and even writers support the idea of environmental determinism, which can be related to the theory of evolution and can be an explanation of the different skin colors that not only us, humans, have developed but also many other types of animals in different regions. Environmental determinism can be used to determine about 70% Of a countrys economy because you can tell by the geographical position of the country if its land locked, has fresh water access and also vast resources.

Types of Communication Method for Organization Essay

Types of Communication Method for Organization - Essay Example With these necessary factors established, potential future steps for this project include determining the best way to decipher this information. In regard to determining which communication method works best, it seems that it would be most effective to survey a sample of customer service based organizations to see which method they use to get their information out. In addition to these aspects, the final draft needs to include information on what distinguishes these methods as better than others. With these necessary factors established, potential future steps for this project include determining the best way to decipher this information. In regard to determining which communication method works best, it seems that it would be most effective to survey a sample of customer service based organizations to see which method they use to get their information out. In addition to these survey choices, there is also the option to send out survey questionnaires to customers to see what communication methods they feel work best in building their relationship with the companies. The potential issues with this notion are the ideas that customers could give a generic response or not respond at all. Other curveballs that may interfere with this type of information garnering include gauging how businesses use these communication methods for their various purposes. For example, if organizations use Lotus Live for a meeting, that would have different In moving forward, I feel these steps would be the best because there needs to be a correlation between the gathered evidence to produce an effective and sound argument for the final paper.  

Myself as a Psychological Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myself as a Psychological Practitioner - Essay Example I also look forward to the opportunity to work while I am waiting to be certified. That is a benefit both economically and professionally. A psychologist, whether certified or a practoners is a person that helps other individuals and I see myself making a career out such a profession. The opportunity to use my education and apply it in a health care profession that helps others has always been my goal. There is always the opportunity available for me to remain as a psychological practoners if that fits my needs the best. There is also always the opportunity for me to go on and become a certified psychologist. I personally feel by being a psychological practoners I will be able to decide which the best fit is for me and what I am best suited to do. Becoming a practitioner in the psychological field requires paper work and meetings of particular standards. These standards are set forth by the American Psychological Association and adhered to by all psychological practitioners and certified psychologists alike practitioner I see myself as a professional and I look forward to being able to work in a profession that has standards and an association that sets them.

American Constitution and Freedom of Speech

American Constitution and Freedom of Speech THESIS: Throughout the years, the legislatures assurance of the right to speak freely has been giving Americans voices and the privilege to be heard without dread of discipline, be that as it may, the right to speak freely simply like anything can be mishandled and used to damage individuals, not simply in federalism but rather through common freedoms and social equality too. I. Introduction The First Amendments of the U.S. Constitution awards us the privilege to free discourse and expresses that Congress should make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. The aim behind the Constitution was to permit people the privilege to completely communicate without laws ruining them; the Framers of the Constitution made laws that have progressed since 1797. The right to speak freely has favored this country that awards us a voice to vote on laws affected by the American government. II. Main Point 1: Identify implications for federalism related to the topic 1. One positive effect of federalism on free discourse is that the Constitutions assurance of the right to speak freely applies similarly to laws received by the federal, state, and local governments. In treating every division in an unexpected way, Justice Harlan contended that state speech limitations be given more breathing space than federal ones. 2. One negative impact of federalism on free speech is that we cannot always trust the government when it comes to dealing with our individual rights. Those in charge will often take advantage, often putting that federal laws above the local and state laws in the hopes that federals will long outlive the state and local laws. 3. One scholarly source that supports the topic sentence: In an article written by Adam Winkler about a study that was done, the study finds that speech-restrictive laws adopted by the federal government are far more likely to be upheld than similar laws adopted by state and local governments. Courts applying strict scrutiny in free speech cases upheld federal speech laws in 56% of cases, state speech laws in 24% of cases, and local speech laws in a remarkably low 3% of cases. III. Main Point 2: Identify implications for civil rights to the related topic 1. One positive impact on the civil rights that was brought about by free speech was the civil rights movement of the 20th century which started in 1954 and carried on well into 1968. This was could be considered a social movement as well since it not only created new civil rights laws but also equality laws. 2. One negative impact of civil rights movement brought about the rise of hate groups that were determined to stop those in the black community who now had found a platform to voice all the injustices that were placed on them by those in power, the whites. 3. One scholarly source that supports the topic sentence: The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the most prominent hate-based organization in American history. Founded in the aftermath of the Civil War as a whimsical social club, the Klan quickly transformed into a terrorist organization aimed at subjugating newly freed blacks and driving out moderate whites that attempted to improve the plight of Freedmen in the Reconstruction South. (Freyer Levitt, 2011) IV. Main Point 3: Identify implications for civil liberties related to free speech One positive impact on the civil liberties associated with free speech is that it brought about the Amendments which gave us the right to free speech, to vote, to marry whomever we chose, and unreasonable searches of your home and the right to a speedy trial to name a few One negative impact on the civil liberties associated with free is the fact that speech isnt really free. Many were arrested for simply speaking about things such as the war or abortion. One scholarly source that supports this topic sentence: In this Article, Professor Curtis explores the First Amendments guarantee of free speech and the contention that other constitutional values must supersede this guarantee during a time of war (Curtis, 1998) V. Conclusion Our Constitutional rights are essential to everyone. The battles Americans underwent from the framers coming together and writing the Constitution, permitting individuals to have a voice as long as no harm was done, to the Civil rights movement where the black community fought for equality, not only for themselves but also for other minorities all while dealing with white hate groups and to the 20th century where in the after the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist acts, the Patriot Act was signed into law by then President George Bush. This act violated both the First and Fourth Amendments. Free speech and free from seizures and unwarranted searches. An individuals free speech must not be infringed upon to satisfy anothers curiosity because it is unconstitutional. References Adam Winkler, Free Speech Federalism, 108 Mich. L. Rev. 153 (2009). Available at:  http://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol108/iss2/1 Fryer R, Levitt S. Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan. Quarterly Journal of  Economics. 2012;127 (4) :1883-1925. Michael Kent Curtis, Lincoln, Vallandingham, and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War. Retrieved from scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1428context=wmborj

The Strengths and Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach in Explainin

The aim of this essay is to describe and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the behaviourist approach in terms of ability to explain behaviour. This essay will briefly outline the historical development of the behaviourist approach and include psychologists ranging from Watson to Bandura. This essay will describe in detail the different perspectives held within behaviourism from classical conditioning to the social learning theory and discuss the strengths and weakness surrounding these theories. The idea of Behaviourism dates back to Descartes. Descartes was a philosopher that introduced the mind and body debate, he believed that the mind and body were two separate existences that casually interacted with each other, he named this his theory of interactive dualism however the idea of behaviourism didn’t derive from just this one point. Theories on the mind and body originated from as far back as Plato and Aristotle. (Gentile 2008) Another contributor to the idea of the behaviourism approach was John Locke with his belief that all humans are born with ‘tabular Rasa’ a blank state. Locke believed that the mind at birth had no innate conceptions and that all behaviour is learnt from the environment. Locke wanted to validate his nurture belief so employed empirical methods of research. All these different theories helped Behaviourism come into a discipline in its own right from the twentieth century onwards (Gentile 2008) The behaviourist approach is somewhat different to the other approaches in Psychology as the main focus is on the external environmental factors and the effect these have on behaviour. Behaviourists believe that People have no free will and that a person’s environment determines their behaviour and that psy... ...lots of contrasting views surrounding the behaviourist approach and the explanations it gives for explaining behaviour however it can be said that behaviourism has made great contributions to a better understanding of behaviour. Works Cited Flannagan,C (1997) A Level Psychology.London: Letts Educational Gentile,B and Miller,B (2008) Foundations of Psychological Thought: A History of Psychology.Los Angeles :Sage Publications Ltd Glassman,W and Hadan,M (2004) Approaches to Psychology.4Ed.Berkshire:Open university Press. R,Gross 2004 Key studies in psychology.3Ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Gross,R (2009)Psychology. The science of mind and behaviour. 5ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Moxon,D and Brewer,K.(2003) Heinemann Psychology.Oxford:Educational Publishers Roth,I (2000) Introduction to Psychology.Glasgow:Bath Press Colour books.

Gothic Architecture

The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era's transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people's fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Ca thedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren't important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyone's life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after lif e. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn't make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people look ed to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God's representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God's Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Sinc e the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in society's eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people's perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn't become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral's high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warf are. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral's design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedra l of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didn't build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn't even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that fai lure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design. Gothic Architecture The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era's transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people's fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Ca thedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren't important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyone's life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after lif e. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn't make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people look ed to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God's representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God's Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Sinc e the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in society's eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people's perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn't become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral's high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warf are. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral's design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedra l of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didn't build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn't even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that fai lure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design.